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Ezekiel 1:1

Now in the thirtieth year, in the fourth month, in the fifth of the month, as I was among the captives by the river Chebar, the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God.

Original language

וַיְהִ֣י ׀ בִּשְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֗ה בָּֽרְבִיעִי֙ בַּחֲמִשָּׁ֣ה לַחֹ֔דֶשׁ וַאֲנִ֥י בְתֽוֹךְ־הַגּוֹלָ֖ה עַל־נְהַר־כְּבָ֑ר נִפְתְּחוּ֙ הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם וָאֶרְאֶ֖ה מַרְא֥וֹת אֱלֹהִֽים׃

Commentary

Ezekiel 1:1 marks a pivotal moment in the prophetic ministry of Ezekiel, noting the specific time and setting as he was among the exiles by the river Chebar. The phrase "in the thirtieth year" may suggest Ezekiel's age or the beginning of his prophetic career, emphasizing God's timing in revealing Himself to His people during a time of suffering.

The opening of the heavens signifies a divine encounter and the initiation of visions, showcasing God's transcendence and sovereignty. The Hebrew term "נִפְתְּחוּ" (nip'teḥu) indicates an action from God, highlighting that these visions are divine revelations intended to communicate profound truths about His nature and plans. This sets the thematic stage for understanding the doctrine of God, as Ezekiel is called to bear witness to God's majesty even amid Israel's national crisis.

Ezekiel 1:1 marks a pivotal moment in the prophetic ministry of Ezekiel, noting the specific time and setting as he was among the exiles by the river Chebar. The phrase "in the thirtieth year" may suggest Ezekiel's age or the beginning of his prophetic career, emphasizing God's timing in revealing Himself to His people during a time of suffering. The opening of the heavens signifies a divine encounter and the initiation of visions, showcasing God's transcendence and sovereignty. The Hebrew term "נִפְתְּחוּ" (nip'teḥu) indicates an action from God, highlighting that these visions are divine revelations intended to communicate profound truths about His nature and plans. This sets the thematic stage for understanding the doctrine of God, as Ezekiel is called to bear witness to God's majesty even amid Israel's national crisis.

Cross references

Ezekiel 8:3: He stretched out the form of a hand, and took me by a lock of my head; and the Spirit lifted me up between earth and the sky, and brought me in the visions of God to Jerusalem, to the door of the gate of the inner court that looks toward the north; where there was the seat of the image of jealousy, which provokes to jealousy. Ezekiel 37:1: The hand of Yahweh was on me, and he brought me out in the Spirit of Yahweh, and set me down in the midst of the valley; and it was full of bones. Daniel 7:13: I saw in the night visions, and behold, there came with the clouds of the sky one like a son of man, and he came even to the ancient of days, and they brought him near before him. John 1:51: He said to him, “Most certainly, I tell you, hereafter you will see heaven opened, and the angels of God ascending and descending on the Son of Man.” Revelation 4:1: After these things I looked and saw a door opened in heaven, and the first voice that I heard, like a trumpet speaking with me, was one saying, “Come up here, and I will show you the things which must happen after this.” Revelation 4:2: Immediately I was in the Spirit. Behold, there was a throne set in heaven, and one sitting on the throne Acts 10:9: Now on the next day as they were on their journey, and got close to the city, Peter went up on the housetop to pray at about noon. Acts 10:10: He became hungry and desired to eat, but while they were preparing, he fell into a trance. Acts 10:11: He saw heaven opened and a certain container descending to him, like a great sheet let down by four corners on the earth, 2 Corinthians 12:1: It is doubtless not profitable for me to boast. For I will come to visions and revelations of the Lord. 2 Corinthians 12:2: I know a man in Christ, fourteen years ago (whether in the body, I don’t know, or whether out of the body, I don’t know; God knows), such a one caught up into the third heaven. 2 Corinthians 12:3: I know such a man (whether in the body, or outside of the body, I don’t know; God knows), 2 Corinthians 12:4: how he was caught up into Paradise, and heard unspeakable words, which it is not lawful for a man to utter.

Ezekiel 1:2

In the fifth of the month, which was the fifth year of king Jehoiachin’s captivity,

Original language

בַּחֲמִשָּׁ֖ה לַחֹ֑דֶשׁ הִ֚יא הַשָּׁנָ֣ה הַחֲמִישִׁ֔ית לְגָל֖וּת הַמֶּ֥לֶךְ יוֹיָכִֽין׃

Commentary

No commentary.

No commentary

Cross references

Ezekiel 1:1: Now in the thirtieth year, in the fourth month, in the fifth of the month, as I was among the captives by the river Chebar, the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God. Daniel 1:1: In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah came Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon to Jerusalem, and besieged it. Daniel 1:2: The Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand, with part of the vessels of the house of God; and he carried them into the land of Shinar to the house of his god: and he brought the vessels into the treasure house of his god. Jeremiah 29:1: Now these are the words of the letter that Jeremiah the prophet sent from Jerusalem to the residue of the elders of the captivity, and to the priests, to the prophets, and to all the people, whom Nebuchadnezzar had carried away captive from Jerusalem to Babylon, Jeremiah 29:2: (after that Jeconiah the king, the queen mother, the eunuchs, the princes of Judah and Jerusalem, the craftsmen, and the smiths, had departed from Jerusalem), Ezekiel 3:16: At the end of seven days, Yahweh’s word came to me, saying, Ezekiel 8:1: In the sixth year, in the sixth month, in the fifth day of the month, as I sat in my house, and the elders of Judah sat before me, the Lord Yahweh’s hand fell there on me. 2 Kings 24:8: Jehoiachin was eighteen years old when he began to reign; and he reigned in Jerusalem three months: and his mother’s name was Nehushta the daughter of Elnathan of Jerusalem. 2 Kings 24:9: He did that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh, according to all that his father had done. 2 Kings 24:10: At that time the servants of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came up to Jerusalem, and the city was besieged. 2 Kings 24:11: Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to the city, while his servants were besieging it; 2 Kings 24:12: and Jehoiachin the king of Judah went out to the king of Babylon, he, and his mother, and his servants, and his princes, and his officers: and the king of Babylon took him in the eighth year of his reign. 2 Kings 24:13: He carried out there all the treasures of Yahweh’s house, and the treasures of the king’s house, and cut in pieces all the vessels of gold, which Solomon king of Israel had made in Yahweh’s temple, as Yahweh had said. 2 Kings 24:14: He carried away all Jerusalem, and all the princes, and all the mighty men of valor, even ten thousand captives, and all the craftsmen and the smiths; no one remained, except the poorest sort of the people of the land. 2 Kings 24:15: He carried away Jehoiachin to Babylon; and the king’s mother, and the king’s wives, and his officers, and the chief men of the land, carried he into captivity from Jerusalem to Babylon. 2 Kings 24:16: All the men of might, even seven thousand, and the craftsmen and the smiths one thousand, all of them strong and apt for war, even them the king of Babylon brought captive to Babylon. 2 Kings 25:27: In the thirty-seventh year of the captivity of Jehoiachin king of Judah, in the twelfth month, on the seven and twentieth day of the month, Evilmerodach king of Babylon, in the year that he began to reign, lifted up the head of Jehoiachin king of Judah out of prison; 2 Kings 25:28: and he spoke kindly to him, and set his throne above the throne of the kings who were with him in Babylon, 2 Kings 25:29: and changed his prison garments. Jehoiachin ate bread before him continually all the days of his life: 2 Kings 25:30: and for his allowance, there was a continual allowance given him of the king, every day a portion, all the days of his life. Lamentations 1:1: How the city sits solitary, that was full of people! She has become as a widow, who was great among the nations! She who was a princess among the provinces has become tributary! Lamentations 1:2: She weeps bitterly in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; among all her lovers she has no one to comfort her: All her friends have dealt treacherously with her; they are become her enemies.

Ezekiel 1:3

Yahweh’s word came expressly to Ezekiel the priest, the son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by the river Chebar; and the hand of Yahweh was there on him.

Original language

הָיֹ֣ה הָיָ֣ה דְבַר־יְ֠הוָה אֶל־יְחֶזְקֵ֨אל בֶּן־בּוּזִ֧י הַכֹּהֵ֛ן בְּאֶ֥רֶץ כַּשְׂדִּ֖ים עַל־נְהַר־כְּבָ֑ר וַתְּהִ֥י עָלָ֛יו שָׁ֖ם יַד־יְהוָֽה׃

Commentary

Ezekiel 1:3 establishes the context of divine revelation, emphasizing that the word of Yahweh came specifically to Ezekiel, which underscores the prophetic calling and authority of the prophet. The phrase "the hand of Yahweh was there on him" signifies divine empowerment and presence, indicating that Ezekiel's message and mission stemmed from God's active engagement, not mere human initiative.

The reference to Ezekiel as a "priest" highlights his Levitical heritage, suggesting a continuity of God’s covenantal relationship with Israel, even amidst their exile in Babylon. This biblical backdrop serves to affirm God's sovereignty and the doctrine of God, emphasizing that He communicates His purpose and will through chosen messengers, fulfilling His plans regardless of circumstances.

Ezekiel 1:3 establishes the context of divine revelation, emphasizing that the word of Yahweh came specifically to Ezekiel, which underscores the prophetic calling and authority of the prophet. The phrase "the hand of Yahweh was there on him" signifies divine empowerment and presence, indicating that Ezekiel's message and mission stemmed from God's active engagement, not mere human initiative. The reference to Ezekiel as a "priest" highlights his Levitical heritage, suggesting a continuity of God’s covenantal relationship with Israel, even amidst their exile in Babylon. This biblical backdrop serves to affirm God's sovereignty and the doctrine of God, emphasizing that He communicates His purpose and will through chosen messengers, fulfilling His plans regardless of circumstances.

Cross references

Jeremiah 1:4: Now Yahweh’s word came to me, saying, Jeremiah 1:5: “Before I formed you in the belly, I knew you. Before you came out of the womb, I sanctified you. I have appointed you a prophet to the nations.” Jeremiah 1:6: Then I said, “Ah, Lord Yahweh! Behold, I don’t know how to speak; for I am a child.” Jeremiah 1:7: But Yahweh said to me, “Don’t say, ‘I am a child;’ for to whoever I shall send you, you shall go, and whatever I shall command you, you shall speak. Jeremiah 1:8: Don’t be afraid because of them; for I am with you to deliver you,” says Yahweh. Jeremiah 1:9: Then Yahweh stretched out his hand, and touched my mouth; and Yahweh said to me, “Behold, I have put my words in your mouth. Isaiah 6:8: I heard the Lord’s voice, saying, “Whom shall I send, and who will go for us?” Then I said, “Here I am. Send me!” Isaiah 6:9: He said, “Go, and tell this people, ‘You hear indeed, but don’t understand; and you see indeed, but don’t perceive.’ Isaiah 6:10: Make the heart of this people fat. Make their ears heavy, and shut their eyes; lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and turn again, and be healed.” Ezekiel 2:1: He said to me, Son of man, stand on your feet, and I will speak with you. Ezekiel 2:2: The Spirit entered into me when he spoke to me, and set me on my feet; and I heard him who spoke to me. Ezekiel 2:3: He said to me, Son of man, I send you to the children of Israel, to a nation of rebels who have rebelled against me. They and their fathers have transgressed against me even to this very day. Ezekiel 2:4: The children are impudent and stiff-hearted: I am sending you to them; and you shall tell them, Thus says the Lord Yahweh. Ezekiel 2:5: They, whether they will hear, or whether they will forbear, (for they are a rebellious house), yet shall know that there has been a prophet among them. Ezekiel 3:16: At the end of seven days, Yahweh’s word came to me, saying, Ezekiel 3:17: Son of man, I have made you a watchman to the house of Israel: therefore hear the word from my mouth, and give them warning from me. Ezekiel 3:18: When I tell the wicked, You shall surely die; and you give him no warning, nor speak to warn the wicked from his wicked way, to save his life; the same wicked man shall die in his iniquity; but his blood will I require at your hand. Ezekiel 3:19: Yet if you warn the wicked, and he doesn’t turn from his wickedness, nor from his wicked way, he shall die in his iniquity; but you have delivered your soul. Ezekiel 3:20: Again, when a righteous man does turn from his righteousness, and commit iniquity, and I lay a stumbling block before him, he shall die: because you have not given him warning, he shall die in his sin, and his righteous deeds which he has done shall not be remembered; but his blood will I require at your hand. Ezekiel 3:21: Nevertheless if you warn the righteous man, that the righteous not sin, and he does not sin, he shall surely live, because he took warning; and you have delivered your soul. Revelation 1:1: This is the Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave him to show to his servants the things which must happen soon, which he sent and made known by his angel to his servant, John, Amos 3:7: Surely the Lord Yahweh will do nothing, unless he reveals his secret to his servants the prophets. Habakkuk 2:2: Yahweh answered me, “Write the vision, and make it plain on tablets, that he who runs may read it. Habakkuk 2:3: For the vision is yet for the appointed time, and it hurries toward the end, and won’t prove false. Though it takes time, wait for it; because it will surely come. It won’t delay.

Ezekiel 1:4

I looked, and behold, a stormy wind came out of the north, a great cloud, with flashing lightning, and a brightness around it, and out of its midst as it were glowing metal, out of the midst of the fire.

Original language

וָאֵ֡רֶא וְהִנֵּה֩ ר֨וּחַ סְעָרָ֜ה בָּאָ֣ה מִן־הַצָּפ֗וֹן עָנָ֤ן גָּדוֹל֙ וְאֵ֣שׁ מִתְלַקַּ֔חַת וְנֹ֥גַֽהּ ל֖וֹ סָבִ֑יב וּמִ֨תּוֹכָ֔הּ כְּעֵ֥ין הַחַשְׁמַ֖ל מִתּ֥וֹךְ הָאֵֽשׁ׃

Commentary

Ezekiel 1:4 introduces a powerful vision that serves as a divine revelation of God's majesty and sovereignty. The phrase "a stormy wind" in the Hebrew רוּחַ סְעָרָה (ruaḥ se’arah) suggests a tumultuous force, symbolizing God's overwhelming presence as He approaches His people.

The mention of a "great cloud" combined with "flashing lightning" emphasizes God's glory and the intensity of His power, reflecting similar theophanies in Scripture (e.g., Exodus 19:16). The "glowing metal" (כְּעֵין הַחַשְׁמַל, k'eyn haḥashmal) signifies the unapproachable purity and holiness of God, emerging from the "midst of the fire," which represents both judgment and purification.

This passage encapsulates the doctrine of God by illustrating His majesty, transcendent power, and the awe-inspiring nature of His presence, serving as a reminder of His active involvement in the world and His capacity to reveal Himself to humanity.

Ezekiel 1:4 introduces a powerful vision that serves as a divine revelation of God's majesty and sovereignty. The phrase "a stormy wind" in the Hebrew רוּחַ סְעָרָה (ruaḥ se’arah) suggests a tumultuous force, symbolizing God's overwhelming presence as He approaches His people. The mention of a "great cloud" combined with "flashing lightning" emphasizes God's glory and the intensity of His power, reflecting similar theophanies in Scripture (e.g., Exodus 19:16). The "glowing metal" (כְּעֵין הַחַשְׁמַל, k'eyn haḥashmal) signifies the unapproachable purity and holiness of God, emerging from the "midst of the fire," which represents both judgment and purification. This passage encapsulates the doctrine of God by illustrating His majesty, transcendent power, and the awe-inspiring nature of His presence, serving as a reminder of His active involvement in the world and His capacity to reveal Himself to humanity.

Cross references

Ezekiel 1:13: As for the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was like burning coals of fire, like the appearance of torches: the fire went up and down among the living creatures; and the fire was bright, and lightning went out of the fire. Isaiah 66:15: For, behold, Yahweh will come with fire, and his chariots shall be like the whirlwind; to render his anger with fierceness, and his rebuke with flames of fire. Jeremiah 23:19: Behold, Yahweh’s storm, his wrath, has gone out. Yes, a whirling storm. It shall burst on the head of the wicked. Exodus 19:16: On the third day, when it was morning, there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud on the mountain, and the sound of an exceedingly loud trumpet; and all the people who were in the camp trembled. Exodus 19:17: Moses led the people out of the camp to meet God; and they stood at the lower part of the mountain. Exodus 19:18: Mount Sinai, all it, smoked, because Yahweh descended on it in fire; and its smoke ascended like the smoke of a furnace, and the whole mountain quaked greatly. Job 38:1: Then Yahweh answered Job out of the whirlwind, Psalms 77:18: The voice of your thunder was in the whirlwind. The lightnings lit up the world. The earth trembled and shook. Revelation 4:5: Out of the throne proceed lightnings, sounds, and thunders. There were seven lamps of fire burning before his throne, which are the seven Spirits of God. Nahum 1:3: Yahweh is slow to anger, and great in power, and will by no means leave the guilty unpunished. Yahweh has his way in the whirlwind and in the storm, and the clouds are the dust of his feet.

Ezekiel 1:5

Out of its midst came the likeness of four living creatures. This was their appearance: they had the likeness of a man.

Original language

וּמִ֨תּוֹכָ֔הּ דְּמ֖וּת אַרְבַּ֣ע חַיּ֑וֹת וְזֶה֙ מַרְאֵֽיהֶ֔ן דְּמ֥וּת אָדָ֖ם לָהֵֽנָּה׃

Commentary

"Out of its midst came the likeness of four living creatures": The phrase denotes a divine manifestation from the center of the vision. The term "creatures" implies that these beings are part of God's creation and serve His purposes, consistent with the architectural design of the throne found in Revelation 4:6-8. Their existence emphasizes God's sovereignty and majesty in ruling over all creation.

"This was their appearance: they had the likeness of a man": The Greek term "likeness" (דְּמ֖וּת - demut) indicates that while these creatures resembled humanity, they are distinct and serve a particular divine function. This anthropomorphic representation suggests that God is relational, engaging with His creation, and indicates the dignity of humanity within the created order (Psalm 8:5). This verse prepares the reader for understanding the complex nature of God's presence and glory, as seen in the theophanies of the Old Testament, ultimately pointing to Christ, who is fully God and fully man.

"Out of its midst came the likeness of four living creatures": The phrase denotes a divine manifestation from the center of the vision. The term "creatures" implies that these beings are part of God's creation and serve His purposes, consistent with the architectural design of the throne found in Revelation 4:6-8. Their existence emphasizes God's sovereignty and majesty in ruling over all creation. "This was their appearance: they had the likeness of a man": The Greek term "likeness" (דְּמ֖וּת - demut) indicates that while these creatures resembled humanity, they are distinct and serve a particular divine function. This anthropomorphic representation suggests that God is relational, engaging with His creation, and indicates the dignity of humanity within the created order (Psalm 8:5). This verse prepares the reader for understanding the complex nature of God's presence and glory, as seen in the theophanies of the Old Testament, ultimately pointing to Christ, who is fully God and fully man.

Cross references

Ezekiel 1:10: As for the likeness of their faces, they had the face of a man; and the four of them had the face of a lion on the right side; and the four of them had the face of an ox on the left side; the four of them also had the face of an eagle. Ezekiel 10:14: Every one had four faces: the first face was the face of the cherub, and the second face was the face of a man, and the third face the face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle. Revelation 4:6: Before the throne was something like a sea of glass, similar to crystal. In the midst of the throne, and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. Revelation 4:7: The first creature was like a lion, and the second creature like a calf, and the third creature had a face like a man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle. Revelation 4:8: The four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. They have no rest day and night, saying, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come!” Isaiah 6:2: Above him stood the seraphim. Each one had six wings. With two he covered his face. With two he covered his feet. With two he flew. Daniel 7:9: I saw until thrones were placed, and one who was ancient of days sat: his clothing was white as snow, and the hair of his head like pure wool; his throne was fiery flames, and its wheels burning fire. Daniel 7:10: A fiery stream issued and came out from before him: thousands of thousands ministered to him, and ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him: the judgment was set, and the books were opened. Revelation 5:6: I saw in the midst of the throne and of the four living creatures, and in the midst of the elders, a Lamb standing, as though it had been slain, having seven horns, and seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God, sent out into all the earth. Revelation 6:1: I saw that the Lamb opened one of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four living creatures saying, as with a voice of thunder, “Come and see!” Revelation 6:2: And behold, a white horse, and he who sat on it had a bow. A crown was given to him, and he came out conquering, and to conquer. Revelation 6:3: When he opened the second seal, I heard the second living creature saying, “Come!” Revelation 6:4: Another came out, a red horse. To him who sat on it was given power to take peace from the earth, and that they should kill one another. There was given to him a great sword. Revelation 6:5: When he opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature saying, “Come and see!” And behold, a black horse, and he who sat on it had a balance in his hand. Revelation 6:6: I heard a voice in the midst of the four living creatures saying, “A choenix of wheat for a denarius, and three choenix of barley for a denarius! Don’t damage the oil and the wine!” Revelation 6:7: When he opened the fourth seal, I heard the fourth living creature saying, “Come and see!” Revelation 6:8: And behold, a pale horse, and he who sat on it, his name was Death. Hades followed with him. Authority over one fourth of the earth, to kill with the sword, with famine, with death, and by the wild animals of the earth was given to him.

Ezekiel 1:6

Everyone had four faces, and each one of them had four wings.

Original language

וְאַרְבָּעָ֥ה פָנִ֖ים לְאֶחָ֑ת וְאַרְבַּ֥ע כְּנָפַ֖יִם לְאַחַ֥ת לָהֶֽם׃

Commentary

No commentary.

No commentary

Cross references

Ezekiel 10:21: Every one had four faces, and every one four wings; and the likeness of the hands of a man was under their wings. Revelation 4:6: Before the throne was something like a sea of glass, similar to crystal. In the midst of the throne, and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. Revelation 4:7: The first creature was like a lion, and the second creature like a calf, and the third creature had a face like a man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle. Revelation 4:8: The four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. They have no rest day and night, saying, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come!” Isaiah 6:2: Above him stood the seraphim. Each one had six wings. With two he covered his face. With two he covered his feet. With two he flew. Exodus 25:20: The cherubim shall spread out their wings upward, covering the mercy seat with their wings, with their faces toward one another. The faces of the cherubim shall be toward the mercy seat. Numbers 21:8: Yahweh said to Moses, “Make a fiery serpent, and set it on a pole. It shall happen, that everyone who is bitten, when he sees it, shall live.” 2 Chronicles 3:11: The wings of the cherubim were twenty cubits long: the wing of the one was five cubits, reaching to the wall of the house; and the other wing was five cubits, reaching to the wing of the other cherub. 2 Chronicles 3:12: The wing of the other cherub was five cubits, reaching to the wall of the house; and the other wing was five cubits, joining to the wing of the other cherub. Isaiah 37:16: “Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel, who is enthroned among the cherubim, you are the God, even you alone, of all the kingdoms of the earth. You have made heaven and earth.

Ezekiel 1:7

Their feet were straight feet; and the sole of their feet was like the sole of a calf’s foot; and they sparkled like burnished brass.

Original language

וְרַגְלֵיהֶ֖ם רֶ֣גֶל יְשָׁרָ֑ה וְכַ֣ף רַגְלֵיהֶ֗ם כְּכַף֙ רֶ֣גֶל עֵ֔גֶל וְנֹ֣צְצִ֔ים כְּעֵ֖ין נְחֹ֥שֶׁת קָלָֽל׃

Commentary

No commentary.

No commentary

Cross references

Revelation 1:15: His feet were like burnished brass, as if it had been refined in a furnace. His voice was like the voice of many waters. Daniel 10:6: his body also was like the beryl, and his face as the appearance of lightning, and his eyes as flaming torches, and his arms and his feet like burnished brass, and the voice of his words like the voice of a multitude. Exodus 25:3: This is the offering which you shall take from them: gold, silver, brass, Exodus 25:4: blue, purple, scarlet, fine linen, goats’ hair, Exodus 25:5: rams’ skins dyed red, sea cow hides, acacia wood, Isaiah 1:25: and I will turn my hand on you, thoroughly purge away your dross, and will take away all your tin. Isaiah 1:26: I will restore your judges as at the first, and your counselors as at the beginning. Afterward you shall be called ‘The city of righteousness, a faithful town.’ Isaiah 1:27: Zion shall be redeemed with justice, and her converts with righteousness. Isaiah 60:13: “The glory of Lebanon shall come to you, the fir tree, the pine, and the box tree together, to beautify the place of my sanctuary; and I will make the place of my feet glorious. 1 Peter 2:9: But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for God’s own possession, that you may proclaim the excellence of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light: Philippians 2:15: that you may become blameless and harmless, children of God without defect in the midst of a crooked and perverse generation, among whom you are seen as lights in the world,

Ezekiel 1:8

They had the hands of a man under their wings on their four sides; and the four of them had their faces and their wings thus:

Original language

וידו וִידֵ֣י אָדָ֗ם מִתַּ֙חַת֙ כַּנְפֵיהֶ֔ם עַ֖ל אַרְבַּ֣עַת רִבְעֵיהֶ֑ם וּפְנֵיהֶ֥ם וְכַנְפֵיהֶ֖ם לְאַרְבַּעְתָּֽם׃

Commentary

In Ezekiel 1:8, the phrase "the hands of a man" (וִידֵ֣י אָדָ֗ם) underlines the anthropomorphic depiction of the divine beings, suggesting that while they exist in a non-human form, there are elements that convey God's interaction with humanity.

This imagery emphasizes God's sovereignty and presence, linking the transcendent nature of the divine with human attributes, indicating that God, though unapproachable in His holiness, remains intimately involved in the affairs of creation.

The description of the beings having faces and wings aligns with the broader theme in Ezekiel of God's glory and majesty, serving as a reminder of His omnipresence as He acts throughout the world. This reinforces the Reformed understanding of God's immanence and transcendence in a world that requires divine oversight and intervention.

In Ezekiel 1:8, the phrase "the hands of a man" (וִידֵ֣י אָדָ֗ם) underlines the anthropomorphic depiction of the divine beings, suggesting that while they exist in a non-human form, there are elements that convey God's interaction with humanity. This imagery emphasizes God's sovereignty and presence, linking the transcendent nature of the divine with human attributes, indicating that God, though unapproachable in His holiness, remains intimately involved in the affairs of creation. The description of the beings having faces and wings aligns with the broader theme in Ezekiel of God's glory and majesty, serving as a reminder of His omnipresence as He acts throughout the world. This reinforces the Reformed understanding of God's immanence and transcendence in a world that requires divine oversight and intervention.

Cross references

Ezekiel 10:21: Every one had four faces, and every one four wings; and the likeness of the hands of a man was under their wings. Ezekiel 10:22: As for the likeness of their faces, they were the faces which I saw by the river Chebar, their appearances and themselves; they went every one straight forward. Revelation 4:6: Before the throne was something like a sea of glass, similar to crystal. In the midst of the throne, and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. Revelation 4:7: The first creature was like a lion, and the second creature like a calf, and the third creature had a face like a man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle. Revelation 4:8: The four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. They have no rest day and night, saying, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come!” Isaiah 6:2: Above him stood the seraphim. Each one had six wings. With two he covered his face. With two he covered his feet. With two he flew. Daniel 7:9: I saw until thrones were placed, and one who was ancient of days sat: his clothing was white as snow, and the hair of his head like pure wool; his throne was fiery flames, and its wheels burning fire. Exodus 25:20: The cherubim shall spread out their wings upward, covering the mercy seat with their wings, with their faces toward one another. The faces of the cherubim shall be toward the mercy seat. 1 Kings 6:27: He set the cherubim within the inner house; and the wings of the cherubim were stretched out, so that the wing of the one touched the one wall, and the wing of the other cherub touched the other wall; and their wings touched one another in the midst of the house. Psalms 18:10: He rode on a cherub, and flew. Yes, he soared on the wings of the wind.

Ezekiel 1:9

their wings were joined one to another; they didn’t turn when they went; each one went straight forward.

Original language

חֹֽבְרֹ֛ת אִשָּׁ֥ה אֶל־אֲחוֹתָ֖הּ כַּנְפֵיהֶ֑ם לֹא־יִסַּ֣בּוּ בְלֶכְתָּ֔ן אִ֛ישׁ אֶל־עֵ֥בֶר פָּנָ֖יו יֵלֵֽכוּ׃

Commentary

In Ezekiel 1:9, the description of the winged creatures emphasizes their unity and coordinated movement, as expressed in the Hebrew term חֹֽבְרֹ֛ת (ḥob'ret), which means "joined" or "bound together." This imagery underscores the divine order and harmony within God's creation, reflecting the character of God as a God of order.

The phrase "they didn’t turn when they went" highlights their unwavering purpose and focus in fulfilling God's commands, illustrating the perfect obedience of these beings to God's will. Each creature moving "straight forward" signifies a singular, directed path that aligns with the divine intention, emphasizing the sovereignty and authority of God over all creation.

In Ezekiel 1:9, the description of the winged creatures emphasizes their unity and coordinated movement, as expressed in the Hebrew term חֹֽבְרֹ֛ת (ḥob'ret), which means "joined" or "bound together." This imagery underscores the divine order and harmony within God's creation, reflecting the character of God as a God of order. The phrase "they didn’t turn when they went" highlights their unwavering purpose and focus in fulfilling God's commands, illustrating the perfect obedience of these beings to God's will. Each creature moving "straight forward" signifies a singular, directed path that aligns with the divine intention, emphasizing the sovereignty and authority of God over all creation.

Cross references

Ezekiel 1:12: Each one went straight forward: where the spirit was to go, they went; they didn’t turn when they went. Ezekiel 1:20: Wherever the spirit was to go, they went; there was the spirit to go: and the wheels were lifted up beside them; for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels. Ezekiel 1:21: When those went, these went; and when those stood, these stood; and when those were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up beside them: for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels. Ezekiel 10:11: When they went, they went in their four directions: they didn’t turn as they went, but to the place where the head looked they followed it; they didn’t turn as they went. Revelation 4:6: Before the throne was something like a sea of glass, similar to crystal. In the midst of the throne, and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. Revelation 4:7: The first creature was like a lion, and the second creature like a calf, and the third creature had a face like a man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle. Revelation 4:8: The four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. They have no rest day and night, saying, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come!” Isaiah 6:2: Above him stood the seraphim. Each one had six wings. With two he covered his face. With two he covered his feet. With two he flew. Ezekiel 2:2: The Spirit entered into me when he spoke to me, and set me on my feet; and I heard him who spoke to me. Hebrews 1:14: Aren’t they all serving spirits, sent out to do service for the sake of those who will inherit salvation? 1 Corinthians 15:40: There are also celestial bodies, and terrestrial bodies; but the glory of the celestial differs from that of the terrestrial. 1 Corinthians 15:41: There is one glory of the sun, another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars; for one star differs from another star in glory.

Ezekiel 1:10

As for the likeness of their faces, they had the face of a man; and the four of them had the face of a lion on the right side; and the four of them had the face of an ox on the left side; the four of them also had the face of an eagle.

Original language

וּדְמ֣וּת פְּנֵיהֶם֮ פְּנֵ֣י אָדָם֒ וּפְנֵ֨י אַרְיֵ֤ה אֶל־הַיָּמִין֙ לְאַרְבַּעְתָּ֔ם וּפְנֵי־שׁ֥וֹר מֵֽהַשְּׂמֹ֖אול לְאַרְבַּעְתָּ֑ן וּפְנֵי־נֶ֖שֶׁר לְאַרְבַּעְתָּֽן׃

Commentary

The verse presents a vivid depiction of the living creatures, known as cherubim, which surround God's throne.

"The likeness of their faces": This phrase indicates that the faces represent not just physical forms but convey deeper theological truth about God's creation and authority.

"The face of a man": This symbolizes the rational and sentient aspects of humanity, suggesting the unique dignities of human beings in God's creation.

"The face of a lion on the right side": The lion signifies strength and majesty, pointing to God's kingship and power. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the lion often represented the divine authority of kings.

"The face of an ox on the left side": The ox represents service, strength in labor, and sacrifice. This reflects God's provision and the sacrificial nature of the covenant.

"The face of an eagle": The eagle symbolizes swiftness and keen vision. It denotes God's sovereignty and ability to oversee His creation, as seen in verses like Isaiah 40:31, where the imagery of eagles is used to depict God's empowering work.

Together, these faces illustrate God's multifaceted nature and His dominion over all creation, reinforcing the doctrine of God as sovereign, powerful, and intimately involved in His creation. The text draws connections to Revelation 4:7, where similar creatures are described, highlighting the continuity of the divine message throughout Scripture.

The verse presents a vivid depiction of the living creatures, known as cherubim, which surround God's throne. "The likeness of their faces": This phrase indicates that the faces represent not just physical forms but convey deeper theological truth about God's creation and authority. "The face of a man": This symbolizes the rational and sentient aspects of humanity, suggesting the unique dignities of human beings in God's creation. "The face of a lion on the right side": The lion signifies strength and majesty, pointing to God's kingship and power. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the lion often represented the divine authority of kings. "The face of an ox on the left side": The ox represents service, strength in labor, and sacrifice. This reflects God's provision and the sacrificial nature of the covenant. "The face of an eagle": The eagle symbolizes swiftness and keen vision. It denotes God's sovereignty and ability to oversee His creation, as seen in verses like Isaiah 40:31, where the imagery of eagles is used to depict God's empowering work. Together, these faces illustrate God's multifaceted nature and His dominion over all creation, reinforcing the doctrine of God as sovereign, powerful, and intimately involved in His creation. The text draws connections to Revelation 4:7, where similar creatures are described, highlighting the continuity of the divine message throughout Scripture.

Cross references

Revelation 4:7: The first creature was like a lion, and the second creature like a calf, and the third creature had a face like a man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle. Isaiah 6:2: Above him stood the seraphim. Each one had six wings. With two he covered his face. With two he covered his feet. With two he flew. Ezekiel 10:14: Every one had four faces: the first face was the face of the cherub, and the second face was the face of a man, and the third face the face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle. Exodus 25:20: The cherubim shall spread out their wings upward, covering the mercy seat with their wings, with their faces toward one another. The faces of the cherubim shall be toward the mercy seat. Numbers 2:10: “On the south side shall be the standard of the camp of Reuben according to their divisions. The prince of the children of Reuben shall be Elizur the son of Shedeur. Numbers 2:11: His division, and those who were numbered of it, were forty-six thousand five hundred. Revelation 5:5: One of the elders said to me, “Don’t weep. Behold, the Lion who is of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has overcome; he who opens the book and its seven seals.” Matthew 28:3: His appearance was like lightning, and his clothing white as snow.

Ezekiel 1:11

Such were their faces. Their wings were spread out above. Two wings of each one touched another, and two covered their bodies.

Original language

וּפְנֵיהֶ֕ם וְכַנְפֵיהֶ֥ם פְּרֻד֖וֹת מִלְמָ֑עְלָה לְאִ֗ישׁ שְׁ֚תַּיִם חֹבְר֣וֹת אִ֔ישׁ וּשְׁתַּ֣יִם מְכַסּ֔וֹת אֵ֖ת גְּוִיֹתֵיהֶֽנָה׃

Commentary

"Such were their faces": This phrase indicates the specific appearance of the celestial beings, emphasizing their distinctiveness and perhaps their otherworldly nature. The term "faces" suggests they serve as reflective images of divine attributes, aligning with the theme of God's incomprehensible majesty.

"Their wings were spread out above": This imagery signifies their readiness for action or communication. In ancient Near Eastern thought, wings often symbolize speed and the ability to transcend earthly limitations, reinforcing the notion of divine sovereignty.

"Two wings of each one touched another": This denotes a sense of harmony and interconnectedness among the beings. The cooperative movement indicates unity in purpose, emphasizing that God's celestial order reflects His own divine community within the Trinity.

"Two covered their bodies": The act of covering suggests reverence and humility before God. It signifies the holiness of these beings and the need to shield themselves in the presence of the Divine Glory, aligning with Isaiah 6:2, where seraphim cover their faces in the presence of the Lord. This points to the incommunicable attributes of God, highlighting His holiness and transcendence.

"Such were their faces": This phrase indicates the specific appearance of the celestial beings, emphasizing their distinctiveness and perhaps their otherworldly nature. The term "faces" suggests they serve as reflective images of divine attributes, aligning with the theme of God's incomprehensible majesty. "Their wings were spread out above": This imagery signifies their readiness for action or communication. In ancient Near Eastern thought, wings often symbolize speed and the ability to transcend earthly limitations, reinforcing the notion of divine sovereignty. "Two wings of each one touched another": This denotes a sense of harmony and interconnectedness among the beings. The cooperative movement indicates unity in purpose, emphasizing that God's celestial order reflects His own divine community within the Trinity. "Two covered their bodies": The act of covering suggests reverence and humility before God. It signifies the holiness of these beings and the need to shield themselves in the presence of the Divine Glory, aligning with Isaiah 6:2, where seraphim cover their faces in the presence of the Lord. This points to the incommunicable attributes of God, highlighting His holiness and transcendence.

Cross references

Ezekiel 1:6: Everyone had four faces, and each one of them had four wings. Isaiah 6:2: Above him stood the seraphim. Each one had six wings. With two he covered his face. With two he covered his feet. With two he flew. Revelation 4:8: The four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. They have no rest day and night, saying, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come!” Exodus 25:20: The cherubim shall spread out their wings upward, covering the mercy seat with their wings, with their faces toward one another. The faces of the cherubim shall be toward the mercy seat. 1 Kings 6:27: He set the cherubim within the inner house; and the wings of the cherubim were stretched out, so that the wing of the one touched the one wall, and the wing of the other cherub touched the other wall; and their wings touched one another in the midst of the house. Ezekiel 10:5: The sound of the wings of the cherubim was heard even to the outer court, as the voice of God Almighty when he speaks. Isaiah 36:8: Now therefore, please make a pledge to my master the king of Assyria, and I will give you two thousand horses, if you are able on your part to set riders on them. Hebrews 1:14: Aren’t they all serving spirits, sent out to do service for the sake of those who will inherit salvation?

Ezekiel 1:12

Each one went straight forward: where the spirit was to go, they went; they didn’t turn when they went.

Original language

וְאִ֛ישׁ אֶל־עֵ֥בֶר פָּנָ֖יו יֵלֵ֑כוּ אֶ֣ל אֲשֶׁר֩ יִֽהְיֶה־שָׁ֨מָּה הָר֤וּחַ לָלֶ֙כֶת֙ יֵלֵ֔כוּ לֹ֥א יִסַּ֖בּוּ בְּלֶכְתָּֽן׃

Commentary

No commentary.

No commentary

Cross references

Ezekiel 10:11: When they went, they went in their four directions: they didn’t turn as they went, but to the place where the head looked they followed it; they didn’t turn as they went. Isaiah 63:14: As the livestock that go down into the valley, the Spirit of Yahweh caused them to rest; so you led your people, to make yourself a glorious name. Romans 8:14: For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are children of God. Galatians 5:18: But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law. John 3:8: The windblows where it wants to, and you hear its sound, but don’t know where it comes from and where it is going. So is everyone who is born of the Spirit.” Revelation 4:6: Before the throne was something like a sea of glass, similar to crystal. In the midst of the throne, and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. Revelation 14:4: These are those who were not defiled with women, for they are virgins. These are those who follow the Lamb wherever he goes. These were redeemed by Jesus from among men, the first fruits to God and to the Lamb.

Ezekiel 1:13

As for the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was like burning coals of fire, like the appearance of torches: the fire went up and down among the living creatures; and the fire was bright, and lightning went out of the fire.

Original language

וּדְמ֨וּת הַחַיּ֜וֹת מַרְאֵיהֶ֣ם כְּגַחֲלֵי־אֵ֗שׁ בֹּֽעֲרוֹת֙ כְּמַרְאֵ֣ה הַלַּפִּדִ֔ים הִ֕יא מִתְהַלֶּ֖כֶת בֵּ֣ין הַחַיּ֑וֹת וְנֹ֣גַהּ לָאֵ֔שׁ וּמִן־הָאֵ֖שׁ יוֹצֵ֥א בָרָֽק׃

Commentary

Ezekiel 1:13 presents a vivid and powerful image of the living creatures, comparing their appearance to burning coals of fire and torches, suggesting a manifestation of divine energy and purity. The original Hebrew term "כְּגַחֲלֵי־אֵשׁ" (k’gachalēi-esh) enhances this imagery, as "gachal" refers to glowing embers, indicating an intense and active divine presence.

The fire moving among the creatures symbolizes the dynamic nature of God's presence and activity, portraying Him as both a consuming fire and a source of brightness. This depiction aligns with the theme that God is not only transcendent and majestic but also immanent and involved in His creation, demonstrating both holiness and power—principles central to Reformed theology. The mention of lightning further emphasizes God's sovereignty and the awe-inspiring aspects of His glory.

Ezekiel 1:13 presents a vivid and powerful image of the living creatures, comparing their appearance to burning coals of fire and torches, suggesting a manifestation of divine energy and purity. The original Hebrew term "כְּגַחֲלֵי־אֵשׁ" (k’gachalēi-esh) enhances this imagery, as "gachal" refers to glowing embers, indicating an intense and active divine presence. The fire moving among the creatures symbolizes the dynamic nature of God's presence and activity, portraying Him as both a consuming fire and a source of brightness. This depiction aligns with the theme that God is not only transcendent and majestic but also immanent and involved in His creation, demonstrating both holiness and power—principles central to Reformed theology. The mention of lightning further emphasizes God's sovereignty and the awe-inspiring aspects of His glory.

Cross references

Ezekiel 1:14: The living creatures ran and returned as the appearance of a flash of lightning. Isaiah 6:2: Above him stood the seraphim. Each one had six wings. With two he covered his face. With two he covered his feet. With two he flew. Isaiah 6:3: One called to another, and said, “Holy, holy, holy, is Yahweh of Armies! The whole earth is full of his glory!” Isaiah 6:4: The foundations of the thresholds shook at the voice of him who called, and the house was filled with smoke. Revelation 4:5: Out of the throne proceed lightnings, sounds, and thunders. There were seven lamps of fire burning before his throne, which are the seven Spirits of God. Hebrews 12:29: for our God is a consuming fire. Exodus 3:2: Yahweh’s angel appeared to him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush. He looked, and behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed. 2 Corinthians 11:14: And no wonder, for even Satan masquerades as an angel of light. Matthew 28:3: His appearance was like lightning, and his clothing white as snow. Acts 2:3: Tongues like fire appeared and were distributed to them, and one sat on each of them. Acts 2:4: They were all filled with the Holy Spirit, and began to speak with other languages, as the Spirit gave them the ability to speak.

Ezekiel 1:14

The living creatures ran and returned as the appearance of a flash of lightning.

Original language

וְהַחַיּ֖וֹת רָצ֣וֹא וָשׁ֑וֹב כְּמַרְאֵ֖ה הַבָּזָֽק׃

Commentary

No commentary.

No commentary

Cross references

Ezekiel 10:10: As for their appearance, the four of them had one likeness, like a wheel within a wheel. Job 38:35: Can you send out lightnings, that they may go? Do they report to you, ‘Here we are?’ Matthew 24:27: For as the lightning flashes from the east, and is seen even to the west, so will be the coming of the Son of Man. Luke 17:24: for as the lightning, when it flashes out of the one part under the sky, shines to the other part under the sky; so will the Son of Man be in his day. Revelation 4:6: Before the throne was something like a sea of glass, similar to crystal. In the midst of the throne, and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. Revelation 22:16: I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify these things to you for the assemblies. I am the root and the offspring of David; the Bright and Morning Star.” Jeremiah 4:13: Behold, he shall come up as clouds, and his chariots shall be as the whirlwind: his horses are swifter than eagles. Woe to us! For we are ruined.

Ezekiel 1:15

Now as I saw the living creatures, behold, one wheel on the earth beside the living creatures, for each of the four faces of it.

Original language

וָאֵ֖רֶא הַחַיּ֑וֹת וְהִנֵּה֩ אוֹפַ֨ן אֶחָ֥ד בָּאָ֛רֶץ אֵ֥צֶל הַחַיּ֖וֹת לְאַרְבַּ֥עַת פָּנָֽיו׃

Commentary

Ezekiel 1:15 presents a striking imagery with the mention of the "living creatures" and a singular "wheel" on the earth beside them. This wheel symbolizes divine mobility and presence, highlighting how God's creation is intertwined with His throne and sovereign activity.

The original Hebrew term "אֹופַן" (ofan), meaning wheel, conveys a sense of dynamic motion and active authority, reflecting God's omnipresence and control over His creation. This suggests that the living creatures, representing aspects of God's creation, operate in coordination with His will, offering profound insights into the nature of God as both transcendent and immanent.

The emphasis on the "four faces" of the living creatures illustrates the multifaceted nature of God's creation and His governance over all aspects of life, reinforcing the doctrine of God's sovereignty. Each aspect serves to glorify Him, emphasizing the holistic divine nature that sustains creation.

Ezekiel 1:15 presents a striking imagery with the mention of the "living creatures" and a singular "wheel" on the earth beside them. This wheel symbolizes divine mobility and presence, highlighting how God's creation is intertwined with His throne and sovereign activity. The original Hebrew term "אֹופַן" (ofan), meaning wheel, conveys a sense of dynamic motion and active authority, reflecting God's omnipresence and control over His creation. This suggests that the living creatures, representing aspects of God's creation, operate in coordination with His will, offering profound insights into the nature of God as both transcendent and immanent. The emphasis on the "four faces" of the living creatures illustrates the multifaceted nature of God's creation and His governance over all aspects of life, reinforcing the doctrine of God's sovereignty. Each aspect serves to glorify Him, emphasizing the holistic divine nature that sustains creation.

Cross references

Ezekiel 1:18: As for their rims, they were high and dreadful; and the four of them had their rims full of eyes all around. Ezekiel 1:4: I looked, and behold, a stormy wind came out of the north, a great cloud, with flashing lightning, and a brightness around it, and out of its midst as it were glowing metal, out of the midst of the fire. Ezekiel 1:5: Out of its midst came the likeness of four living creatures. This was their appearance: they had the likeness of a man. Ezekiel 10:9: I looked, and behold, four wheels beside the cherubim, one wheel beside one cherub, and another wheel beside another cherub; and the appearance of the wheels was like a beryl stone. Ezekiel 10:10: As for their appearance, the four of them had one likeness, like a wheel within a wheel. Ezekiel 10:11: When they went, they went in their four directions: they didn’t turn as they went, but to the place where the head looked they followed it; they didn’t turn as they went. Ezekiel 10:12: Their whole body, and their backs, and their hands, and their wings, and the wheels, were full of eyes all around, even the wheels that the four of them had. Ezekiel 10:13: As for the wheels, they were called in my hearing, the whirling wheels. Revelation 4:6: Before the throne was something like a sea of glass, similar to crystal. In the midst of the throne, and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. Revelation 4:7: The first creature was like a lion, and the second creature like a calf, and the third creature had a face like a man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle. Revelation 4:8: The four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. They have no rest day and night, saying, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come!” Isaiah 6:2: Above him stood the seraphim. Each one had six wings. With two he covered his face. With two he covered his feet. With two he flew. Isaiah 6:3: One called to another, and said, “Holy, holy, holy, is Yahweh of Armies! The whole earth is full of his glory!” Daniel 7:9: I saw until thrones were placed, and one who was ancient of days sat: his clothing was white as snow, and the hair of his head like pure wool; his throne was fiery flames, and its wheels burning fire. Daniel 7:10: A fiery stream issued and came out from before him: thousands of thousands ministered to him, and ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him: the judgment was set, and the books were opened. Zechariah 6:1: Again I lifted up my eyes, and saw, and behold, four chariots came out from between two mountains; and the mountains were mountains of brass. Zechariah 6:2: In the first chariot were red horses; in the second chariot black horses; Zechariah 6:3: in the third chariot white horses; and in the fourth chariot dappled horses, all of them powerful. Zechariah 6:4: Then I asked the angel who talked with me, “What are these, my lord?” Zechariah 6:5: The angel answered me, “These are the four winds of the sky, which go out from standing before the Lord of all the earth. Revelation 21:2: I saw the holy city, New Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared like a bride adorned for her husband.

Ezekiel 1:16

The appearance of the wheels and their work was like a beryl: and the four of them had one likeness; and their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel within a wheel.

Original language

מַרְאֵ֨ה הָאוֹפַנִּ֤ים וּמַעֲשֵׂיהֶם֙ כְּעֵ֣ין תַּרְשִׁ֔ישׁ וּדְמ֥וּת אֶחָ֖ד לְאַרְבַּעְתָּ֑ן וּמַרְאֵיהֶם֙ וּמַ֣עֲשֵׂיהֶ֔ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר יִהְיֶ֥ה הָאוֹפַ֖ן בְּת֥וֹךְ הָאוֹפָֽן׃

Commentary

Ezekiel 1:16 describes the wheels of the heavenly vision, which appear like beryl (תַּרְשִׁישׁ), a precious stone that conveys brightness and glory, symbolizing the divine nature and majesty of God. The language indicates that all four wheels share a similar appearance, emphasizing unity and divine order in God's creation.

The phrase "a wheel within a wheel" suggests complexity and the interconnectivity of God's governance over creation, indicating that God's power operates in multifaceted ways. This reflects the theme of God's sovereignty, reminding us that His presence and authority are omnipresent and intricate, underlining His supreme rule over all things.

Ezekiel 1:16 describes the wheels of the heavenly vision, which appear like beryl (תַּרְשִׁישׁ), a precious stone that conveys brightness and glory, symbolizing the divine nature and majesty of God. The language indicates that all four wheels share a similar appearance, emphasizing unity and divine order in God's creation. The phrase "a wheel within a wheel" suggests complexity and the interconnectivity of God's governance over creation, indicating that God's power operates in multifaceted ways. This reflects the theme of God's sovereignty, reminding us that His presence and authority are omnipresent and intricate, underlining His supreme rule over all things.

Cross references

Ezekiel 10:10: As for their appearance, the four of them had one likeness, like a wheel within a wheel. Revelation 4:6: Before the throne was something like a sea of glass, similar to crystal. In the midst of the throne, and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. Revelation 21:19: The foundations of the city’s wall were adorned with all kinds of precious stones. The first foundation was jasper; the second, sapphire; the third, chalcedony; the fourth, emerald; Revelation 21:20: the fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, topaz; the tenth, chrysoprasus; the eleventh, jacinth; and the twelfth, amethyst. Isaiah 6:1: In the year that king Uzziah died, I saw the Lord sitting on a throne, high and lifted up; and his train filled the temple. Matthew 18:20: For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there I am in their midst.” Hebrews 12:2: looking to Jesus, the author and perfecter of faith, who for the joy that was set before him endured the cross, despising its shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the throne of God. Romans 12:2: Don’t be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, so that you may prove what is the good, well-pleasing, and perfect will of God.

Ezekiel 1:17

When they went, they went in their four directions: they didn’t turn when they went.

Original language

עַל־אַרְבַּ֥עַת רִבְעֵיהֶ֖ן בְּלֶכְתָּ֣ם יֵלֵ֑כוּ לֹ֥א יִסַּ֖בּוּ בְּלֶכְתָּֽן׃

Commentary

In Ezekiel 1:17, the phrase "they didn’t turn when they went" emphasizes the unwavering and absolute nature of God's will and actions, as represented by the four living creatures. The Hebrew word "יִסַּבּוּ" (yisabbu), meaning "to turn," suggests a purposeful and directed movement, symbolizing God's sovereignty and consistency in fulfilling His divine purposes without deviation.

This verse depicts the creatures moving fluidly in all directions, which reflects the omnipresence and omnipotence of God, who has authority over all creation. Their ability to go in any direction without turning illustrates that God's presence and guidance are not confined or restricted; He is actively and continuously involved in the affairs of the world, operating in full control.

In Ezekiel 1:17, the phrase "they didn’t turn when they went" emphasizes the unwavering and absolute nature of God's will and actions, as represented by the four living creatures. The Hebrew word "יִסַּבּוּ" (yisabbu), meaning "to turn," suggests a purposeful and directed movement, symbolizing God's sovereignty and consistency in fulfilling His divine purposes without deviation. This verse depicts the creatures moving fluidly in all directions, which reflects the omnipresence and omnipotence of God, who has authority over all creation. Their ability to go in any direction without turning illustrates that God's presence and guidance are not confined or restricted; He is actively and continuously involved in the affairs of the world, operating in full control.

Cross references

Ezekiel 1:9: their wings were joined one to another; they didn’t turn when they went; each one went straight forward. Ezekiel 4:13: Yahweh said, Even thus shall the children of Israel eat their bread unclean, among the nations where I will drive them. Ezekiel 4:14: Then I said, Ah Lord Yahweh! behold, my soul has not been polluted; for from my youth up even until now have I not eaten of that which dies of itself, or is torn of animals; neither came there abominable flesh into my mouth. Zechariah 6:1: Again I lifted up my eyes, and saw, and behold, four chariots came out from between two mountains; and the mountains were mountains of brass. Zechariah 6:2: In the first chariot were red horses; in the second chariot black horses; Zechariah 6:3: in the third chariot white horses; and in the fourth chariot dappled horses, all of them powerful. Revelation 4:6: Before the throne was something like a sea of glass, similar to crystal. In the midst of the throne, and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. Revelation 4:7: The first creature was like a lion, and the second creature like a calf, and the third creature had a face like a man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle. Revelation 4:8: The four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. They have no rest day and night, saying, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come!”

Ezekiel 1:18

As for their rims, they were high and dreadful; and the four of them had their rims full of eyes all around.

Original language

וְגַ֨בֵּיהֶ֔ן וְגֹ֥בַהּ לָהֶ֖ם וְיִרְאָ֣ה לָהֶ֑ם וְגַבֹּתָ֗ם מְלֵאֹ֥ת עֵינַ֛יִם סָבִ֖יב לְאַרְבַּעְתָּֽן׃

Commentary

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Cross references

Revelation 4:6: Before the throne was something like a sea of glass, similar to crystal. In the midst of the throne, and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. Revelation 4:7: The first creature was like a lion, and the second creature like a calf, and the third creature had a face like a man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle. Revelation 4:8: The four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. They have no rest day and night, saying, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come!” Daniel 7:9: I saw until thrones were placed, and one who was ancient of days sat: his clothing was white as snow, and the hair of his head like pure wool; his throne was fiery flames, and its wheels burning fire. Isaiah 6:2: Above him stood the seraphim. Each one had six wings. With two he covered his face. With two he covered his feet. With two he flew. Zechariah 3:9: For, behold, the stone that I have set before Joshua; on one stone are seven eyes: behold, I will engrave its engraving,’ says Yahweh of Armies, ‘and I will remove the iniquity of that land in one day. Matthew 6:22: “The lamp of the body is the eye. If therefore your eye is sound, your whole body will be full of light. 1 Corinthians 15:52: in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised incorruptible, and we will be changed. Colossians 3:1: If then you were raised together with Christ, seek the things that are above, where Christ is, seated on the right hand of God. Colossians 3:2: Set your mind on the things that are above, not on the things that are on the earth.

Ezekiel 1:19

When the living creatures went, the wheels went beside them; and when the living creatures were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up.

Original language

וּבְלֶ֙כֶת֙ הַֽחַיּ֔וֹת יֵלְכ֥וּ הָאוֹפַנִּ֖ים אֶצְלָ֑ם וּבְהִנָּשֵׂ֤א הַֽחַיּוֹת֙ מֵעַ֣ל הָאָ֔רֶץ יִנָּשְׂא֖וּ הָאוֹפַנִּֽים׃

Commentary

Ezekiel 1:19 illustrates the unity and synchronization between the living creatures and the wheels, emphasizing the divine order and omnipresence of God in His creation. The Hebrew term "אֹפַן" (ofan) for "wheels" suggests the notion of mobility and divine activity, reinforcing that wherever the living creatures go, the presence and action of God follow in powerful, unison motion.

This imagery signifies that God's Spirit is always in motion and actively facilitates the ministry of the living creatures, symbolic of His providence and guidance. The lifting up of both the living creatures and the wheels implies a divine elevation, embodying the notion that God's purposes transcend earthly limitations, underscoring the theme that God's sovereignty reigns supreme over all creation.

Ezekiel 1:19 illustrates the unity and synchronization between the living creatures and the wheels, emphasizing the divine order and omnipresence of God in His creation. The Hebrew term "אֹפַן" (ofan) for "wheels" suggests the notion of mobility and divine activity, reinforcing that wherever the living creatures go, the presence and action of God follow in powerful, unison motion. This imagery signifies that God's Spirit is always in motion and actively facilitates the ministry of the living creatures, symbolic of His providence and guidance. The lifting up of both the living creatures and the wheels implies a divine elevation, embodying the notion that God's purposes transcend earthly limitations, underscoring the theme that God's sovereignty reigns supreme over all creation.

Cross references

Ezekiel 1:20: Wherever the spirit was to go, they went; there was the spirit to go: and the wheels were lifted up beside them; for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels. Ezekiel 10:15: The cherubim mounted up: this is the living creature that I saw by the river Chebar. Ezekiel 10:16: When the cherubim went, the wheels went beside them; and when the cherubim lifted up their wings to mount up from the earth, the wheels also didn’t turn from beside them. Ezekiel 10:17: When they stood, these stood; and when they mounted up, these mounted up with them: for the spirit of the living creature was in them. Revelation 4:6: Before the throne was something like a sea of glass, similar to crystal. In the midst of the throne, and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. Revelation 4:7: The first creature was like a lion, and the second creature like a calf, and the third creature had a face like a man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle. Revelation 4:8: The four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. They have no rest day and night, saying, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come!” Isaiah 6:2: Above him stood the seraphim. Each one had six wings. With two he covered his face. With two he covered his feet. With two he flew. Isaiah 6:3: One called to another, and said, “Holy, holy, holy, is Yahweh of Armies! The whole earth is full of his glory!” Daniel 7:9: I saw until thrones were placed, and one who was ancient of days sat: his clothing was white as snow, and the hair of his head like pure wool; his throne was fiery flames, and its wheels burning fire. Daniel 7:10: A fiery stream issued and came out from before him: thousands of thousands ministered to him, and ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him: the judgment was set, and the books were opened. Zechariah 1:8: “I had a vision in the night, and behold, a man riding on a red horse, and he stood among the myrtle trees that were in a ravine; and behind him there were red, brown, and white horses. Zechariah 1:9: Then I asked, ‘My lord, what are these?’” The angel who talked with me said to me, “I will show you what these are.” Zechariah 1:10: The man who stood among the myrtle trees answered, “They are the ones Yahweh has sent to go back and forth through the earth.” Zechariah 1:11: They reported to Yahweh’s angel who stood among the myrtle trees, and said, “We have walked back and forth through the earth, and behold, all the earth is at rest and in peace.” 1 Peter 1:12: To them it was revealed, that not to themselves, but to you, they ministered these things, which now have been announced to you through those who preached the Good News to you by the Holy Spirit sent out from heaven; which things angels desire to look into. Romans 8:19: For the creation waits with eager expectation for the children of God to be revealed. Romans 8:20: For the creation was subjected to vanity, not of its own will, but because of him who subjected it, in hope Romans 8:21: that the creation itself also will be delivered from the bondage of decay into the liberty of the glory of the children of God.

Ezekiel 1:20

Wherever the spirit was to go, they went; there was the spirit to go: and the wheels were lifted up beside them; for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels.

Original language

עַ֣ל אֲשֶׁר֩ יִֽהְיֶה־שָּׁ֨ם הָר֤וּחַ לָלֶ֙כֶת֙ יֵלֵ֔כוּ שָׁ֥מָּה הָר֖וּחַ לָלֶ֑כֶת וְהָאוֹפַנִּ֗ים יִנָּשְׂאוּ֙ לְעֻמָּתָ֔ם כִּ֛י ר֥וּחַ הַחַיָּ֖ה בָּאוֹפַנִּֽים׃

Commentary

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Cross references

Ezekiel 1:12: Each one went straight forward: where the spirit was to go, they went; they didn’t turn when they went. Ezekiel 10:17: When they stood, these stood; and when they mounted up, these mounted up with them: for the spirit of the living creature was in them. Revelation 4:6: Before the throne was something like a sea of glass, similar to crystal. In the midst of the throne, and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. Revelation 4:7: The first creature was like a lion, and the second creature like a calf, and the third creature had a face like a man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle. Revelation 4:8: The four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. They have no rest day and night, saying, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come!” Isaiah 11:2: The Spirit of Yahweh will rest on him: the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of counsel and might, the spirit of knowledge and of the fear of Yahweh. Zechariah 4:6: Then he answered and spoke to me, saying, “This is Yahweh’s word to Zerubbabel, saying, ‘Not by might, nor by power, but by my Spirit,’ says Yahweh of Armies. Romans 8:14: For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, these are children of God. John 3:8: The windblows where it wants to, and you hear its sound, but don’t know where it comes from and where it is going. So is everyone who is born of the Spirit.” Acts 2:4: They were all filled with the Holy Spirit, and began to speak with other languages, as the Spirit gave them the ability to speak.

Ezekiel 1:21

When those went, these went; and when those stood, these stood; and when those were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up beside them: for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels.

Original language

בְּלֶכְתָּ֣ם יֵלֵ֔כוּ וּבְעָמְדָ֖ם יֽ͏ַעֲמֹ֑דוּ וּֽבְהִנָּשְׂאָ֞ם מֵעַ֣ל הָאָ֗רֶץ יִנָּשְׂא֤וּ הָאֽוֹפַנִּים֙ לְעֻמָּתָ֔ם כִּ֛י ר֥וּחַ הַחַיָּ֖ה בָּאוֹפַנִּֽים׃

Commentary

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Cross references

Ezekiel 1:19: When the living creatures went, the wheels went beside them; and when the living creatures were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up. Ezekiel 1:20: Wherever the spirit was to go, they went; there was the spirit to go: and the wheels were lifted up beside them; for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels. Ezekiel 10:15: The cherubim mounted up: this is the living creature that I saw by the river Chebar. Ezekiel 10:20: This is the living creature that I saw under the God of Israel by the river Chebar; and I knew that they were cherubim. Revelation 4:6: Before the throne was something like a sea of glass, similar to crystal. In the midst of the throne, and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. Revelation 4:7: The first creature was like a lion, and the second creature like a calf, and the third creature had a face like a man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle. Revelation 4:8: The four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. They have no rest day and night, saying, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come!”

Ezekiel 1:22

Over the head of the living creature there was the likeness of an expanse, like the awesome crystal to look on, stretched out over their heads above.

Original language

וּדְמ֞וּת עַל־רָאשֵׁ֤י הַחַיָּה֙ רָקִ֔יעַ כְּעֵ֖ין הַקֶּ֣רַח הַנּוֹרָ֑א נָט֥וּי עַל־רָאשֵׁיהֶ֖ם מִלְמָֽעְלָה׃

Commentary

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Cross references

Ezekiel 10:1: Then I looked, and see, in the expanse that was over the head of the cherubim there appeared above them as it were a sapphire stone, as the appearance of the likeness of a throne. Revelation 4:6: Before the throne was something like a sea of glass, similar to crystal. In the midst of the throne, and around the throne were four living creatures full of eyes before and behind. Isaiah 40:22: It is he who sits above the circle of the earth, and its inhabitants are like grasshoppers; who stretches out the heavens like a curtain, and spreads them out like a tent to dwell in; Exodus 24:10: They saw the God of Israel. Under his feet was like a paved work of sapphire stone, like the skies for clearness. Job 37:18: Can you, with him, spread out the sky, which is strong as a cast metal mirror? Psalms 148:1: Praise Yah! Praise Yahweh from the heavens! Praise him in the heights! Daniel 12:3: Those who are wise shall shine as the brightness of the expanse; and those who turn many to righteousness as the stars forever and ever.

Ezekiel 1:23

Under the expanse were their wings straight, the one toward the other: each one had two which covered on this side, and every one had two which covered on that side, their bodies.

Original language

וְתַ֙חַת֙ הָרָקִ֔יעַ כַּנְפֵיהֶ֣ם יְשָׁר֔וֹת אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחוֹתָ֑הּ לְאִ֗ישׁ שְׁתַּ֤יִם מְכַסּוֹת֙ לָהֵ֔נָּה וּלְאִ֗ישׁ שְׁתַּ֤יִם מְכַסּוֹת֙ לָהֵ֔נָּה אֵ֖ת גְּוִיֹּתֵיהֶֽם׃

Commentary

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Cross references

Ezekiel 1:11: Such were their faces. Their wings were spread out above. Two wings of each one touched another, and two covered their bodies. Exodus 25:20: The cherubim shall spread out their wings upward, covering the mercy seat with their wings, with their faces toward one another. The faces of the cherubim shall be toward the mercy seat. 1 Kings 6:27: He set the cherubim within the inner house; and the wings of the cherubim were stretched out, so that the wing of the one touched the one wall, and the wing of the other cherub touched the other wall; and their wings touched one another in the midst of the house. Isaiah 6:2: Above him stood the seraphim. Each one had six wings. With two he covered his face. With two he covered his feet. With two he flew. Revelation 4:8: The four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. They have no rest day and night, saying, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come!” Ezekiel 10:12: Their whole body, and their backs, and their hands, and their wings, and the wheels, were full of eyes all around, even the wheels that the four of them had. Numbers 7:89: When Moses went into the Tent of Meeting to speak with Yahweh, he heard his voice speaking to him from above the mercy seat that was on the ark of the Testimony, from between the two cherubim: and he spoke to him. Psalms 104:4: He makes his messengers winds; his servants flames of fire.

Ezekiel 1:24

When they went, I heard the noise of their wings like the noise of great waters, like the voice of the Almighty, a noise of tumult like the noise of an army: when they stood, they let down their wings.

Original language

וָאֶשְׁמַ֣ע אֶת־ק֣וֹל כַּנְפֵיהֶ֡ם כְּקוֹל֩ מַ֨יִם רַבִּ֤ים כְּקוֹל־שַׁדַּי֙ בְּלֶכְתָּ֔ם ק֥וֹל הֲמֻלָּ֖ה כְּק֣וֹל מַחֲנֶ֑ה בְּעָמְדָ֖ם תְּרַפֶּ֥ינָה כַנְפֵיהֶֽן׃

Commentary

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Cross references

Revelation 1:15: His feet were like burnished brass, as if it had been refined in a furnace. His voice was like the voice of many waters. Revelation 19:6: I heard something like the voice of a great multitude, and like the voice of many waters, and like the voice of mighty thunders, saying, “Hallelujah! For the Lord our God, the Almighty, reigns! Isaiah 17:12: Ah, the uproar of many peoples, who roar like the roaring of the seas; and the rushing of nations, that rush like the rushing of mighty waters! Isaiah 17:13: The nations will rush like the rushing of many waters: but he will rebuke them, and they will flee far off, and will be chased like the chaff of the mountains before the wind, and like the whirling dust before the storm. Job 37:2: Hear, oh, hear the noise of his voice, the sound that goes out of his mouth. Job 37:3: He sends it out under the whole sky, and his lightning to the ends of the earth. Job 37:4: After it a voice roars. He thunders with the voice of his majesty. He doesn’t hold back anything when his voice is heard. Job 37:5: God thunders marvelously with his voice. He does great things, which we can’t comprehend. Psalms 29:3: Yahweh’s voice is on the waters. The God of glory thunders, even Yahweh on many waters. Psalms 29:4: Yahweh’s voice is powerful. Yahweh’s voice is full of majesty. Exodus 19:16: On the third day, when it was morning, there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud on the mountain, and the sound of an exceedingly loud trumpet; and all the people who were in the camp trembled. 1 Kings 19:11: He said, “Go out, and stand on the mountain before Yahweh.” Behold, Yahweh passed by, and a great and strong wind tore the mountains, and broke in pieces the rocks before Yahweh; but Yahweh was not in the wind. After the wind an earthquake; but Yahweh was not in the earthquake. 1 Kings 19:12: After the earthquake a fire passed; but Yahweh was not in the fire: and after the fire a still small voice.

Ezekiel 1:25

There was a voice above the expanse that was over their heads: when they stood, they let down their wings.

Original language

וַיְהִי־ק֕וֹל מֵעַ֕ל לָרָקִ֖יעַ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עַל־רֹאשָׁ֑ם בְּעָמְדָ֖ם תְּרַפֶּ֥ינָה כַנְפֵיהֶֽן׃

Commentary

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Cross references

Ezekiel 10:5: The sound of the wings of the cherubim was heard even to the outer court, as the voice of God Almighty when he speaks. Revelation 4:8: The four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within. They have no rest day and night, saying, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come!” Isaiah 6:2: Above him stood the seraphim. Each one had six wings. With two he covered his face. With two he covered his feet. With two he flew. Isaiah 6:3: One called to another, and said, “Holy, holy, holy, is Yahweh of Armies! The whole earth is full of his glory!” Exodus 25:20: The cherubim shall spread out their wings upward, covering the mercy seat with their wings, with their faces toward one another. The faces of the cherubim shall be toward the mercy seat. Isaiah 37:16: “Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel, who is enthroned among the cherubim, you are the God, even you alone, of all the kingdoms of the earth. You have made heaven and earth. Psalms 104:3: He lays the beams of his rooms in the waters. He makes the clouds his chariot. He walks on the wings of the wind. 1 Kings 8:1: Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel, and all the heads of the tribes, the princes of the fathers’ households of the children of Israel, to king Solomon in Jerusalem, to bring up the ark of the covenant of Yahweh out of the city of David, which is Zion.

Ezekiel 1:26

Above the expanse that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone; and on the likeness of the throne was a likeness as the appearance of a man on it above.

Original language

וּמִמַּ֗עַל לָרָקִ֙יעַ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עַל־רֹאשָׁ֔ם כְּמַרְאֵ֥ה אֶֽבֶן־סַפִּ֖יר דְּמ֣וּת כִּסֵּ֑א וְעַל֙ דְּמ֣וּת הַכִּסֵּ֔א דְּמ֞וּת כְּמַרְאֵ֥ה אָדָ֛ם עָלָ֖יו מִלְמָֽעְלָה׃

Commentary

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No commentary

Cross references

Ezekiel 1:27: I saw as it were glowing metal, as the appearance of fire within it all around, from the appearance of his waist and upward; and from the appearance of his waist and downward I saw as it were the appearance of fire, and there was brightness around him. Revelation 4:2: Immediately I was in the Spirit. Behold, there was a throne set in heaven, and one sitting on the throne Revelation 4:3: that looked like a jasper stone and a sardius. There was a rainbow around the throne, like an emerald to look at. Isaiah 6:1: In the year that king Uzziah died, I saw the Lord sitting on a throne, high and lifted up; and his train filled the temple. Daniel 7:9: I saw until thrones were placed, and one who was ancient of days sat: his clothing was white as snow, and the hair of his head like pure wool; his throne was fiery flames, and its wheels burning fire. Daniel 7:10: A fiery stream issued and came out from before him: thousands of thousands ministered to him, and ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him: the judgment was set, and the books were opened. Matthew 17:2: He was transfigured before them. His face shone like the sun, and his garments became as white as the light. Acts 7:55: But he, being full of the Holy Spirit, looked up steadfastly into heaven, and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the right hand of God, Acts 7:56: and said, “Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God!” Colossians 1:15: who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation. Hebrews 1:3: His Son is the radiance of his glory, the very image of his substance, and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had by himself purified us of our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high;

Ezekiel 1:27

I saw as it were glowing metal, as the appearance of fire within it all around, from the appearance of his waist and upward; and from the appearance of his waist and downward I saw as it were the appearance of fire, and there was brightness around him.

Original language

וָאֵ֣רֶא ׀ כְּעֵ֣ין חַשְׁמַ֗ל כְּמַרְאֵה־אֵ֤שׁ בֵּֽית־לָהּ֙ סָבִ֔יב מִמַּרְאֵ֥ה מָתְנָ֖יו וּלְמָ֑עְלָה וּמִמַּרְאֵ֤ה מָתְנָיו֙ וּלְמַ֔טָּה רָאִ֙יתִי֙ כְּמַרְאֵה־אֵ֔שׁ וְנֹ֥גַֽהּ ל֖וֹ סָבִֽיב׃

Commentary

"I saw as it were glowing metal": The term "glowing metal" (חַשְׁמַל - chashmal) suggests a brightness and brilliance which connotes divinity. This word, appearing elsewhere in biblical literature, symbolizes God's resplendent glory, indicating His holiness and majesty.

"as the appearance of fire within it all around": The fire denotes God's purifying presence, as often understood in Scripture (e.g., Deuteronomy 4:24). Fire symbolizes both judgment and refinement, reflecting the consuming nature of God's holiness.

"from the appearance of his waist and upward; and from the appearance of his waist and downward": This bifurcation emphasizes the completeness of God's glory. The fiery appearance above and below illustrates His sovereignty over all creation.

"and there was brightness around him": The surrounding brightness reinforces God's transcendence and the inaccessibility of His essence. The imagery compels reverence and awe, echoing Isaiah 6:1-3 where the seraphim proclaim God's holiness, highlighting the sacred atmosphere in His presence.

"I saw as it were glowing metal": The term "glowing metal" (חַשְׁמַל - chashmal) suggests a brightness and brilliance which connotes divinity. This word, appearing elsewhere in biblical literature, symbolizes God's resplendent glory, indicating His holiness and majesty. "as the appearance of fire within it all around": The fire denotes God's purifying presence, as often understood in Scripture (e.g., Deuteronomy 4:24). Fire symbolizes both judgment and refinement, reflecting the consuming nature of God's holiness. "from the appearance of his waist and upward; and from the appearance of his waist and downward": This bifurcation emphasizes the completeness of God's glory. The fiery appearance above and below illustrates His sovereignty over all creation. "and there was brightness around him": The surrounding brightness reinforces God's transcendence and the inaccessibility of His essence. The imagery compels reverence and awe, echoing Isaiah 6:1-3 where the seraphim proclaim God's holiness, highlighting the sacred atmosphere in His presence.

Cross references

Ezekiel 1:28: As the appearance of the rainbow that is in the cloud in the day of rain, so was the appearance of the brightness all around. This was the appearance of the likeness of Yahweh’s glory. When I saw it, I fell on my face, and I heard a voice of one that spoke. Revelation 1:14: His head and his hair were white as white wool, like snow. His eyes were like a flame of fire. Revelation 21:18: The construction of its wall was jasper. The city was pure gold, like pure glass. Isaiah 6:1: In the year that king Uzziah died, I saw the Lord sitting on a throne, high and lifted up; and his train filled the temple. Isaiah 6:2: Above him stood the seraphim. Each one had six wings. With two he covered his face. With two he covered his feet. With two he flew. Isaiah 6:3: One called to another, and said, “Holy, holy, holy, is Yahweh of Armies! The whole earth is full of his glory!” Daniel 7:9: I saw until thrones were placed, and one who was ancient of days sat: his clothing was white as snow, and the hair of his head like pure wool; his throne was fiery flames, and its wheels burning fire. Exodus 24:17: The appearance of Yahweh’s glory was like devouring fire on the top of the mountain in the eyes of the children of Israel. Hebrews 12:29: for our God is a consuming fire. 1 Timothy 6:16: who alone has immortality, dwelling in unapproachable light; whom no man has seen, nor can see: to whom be honor and eternal power. Amen.

Ezekiel 1:28

As the appearance of the rainbow that is in the cloud in the day of rain, so was the appearance of the brightness all around. This was the appearance of the likeness of Yahweh’s glory. When I saw it, I fell on my face, and I heard a voice of one that spoke.

Original language

כְּמַרְאֵ֣ה הַקֶּ֡שֶׁת אֲשֶׁר֩ יִֽהְיֶ֨ה בֶעָנָ֜ן בְּי֣וֹם הַגֶּ֗שֶׁם כֵּ֣ן מַרְאֵ֤ה הַנֹּ֙גַהּ֙ סָבִ֔יב ה֕וּא מַרְאֵ֖ה דְּמ֣וּת כְּבוֹד־יְהוָ֑ה וָֽאֶרְאֶה֙ וָאֶפֹּ֣ל עַל־פָּנַ֔י וָאֶשְׁמַ֖ע ק֥וֹל מְדַבֵּֽר׃

Commentary

"as the appearance of the rainbow that is in the cloud in the day of rain": The metaphor of the rainbow (קֶּשֶׁת - keshet) draws attention to God's covenant mercy, reminiscent of Genesis 9:13-15. It symbolizes hope and divine promise amid judgment, highlighting God's faithfulness.

"so was the appearance of the brightness all around": The reference to brightness (נֹגַהּ - nogah) suggests a radiant manifestation of God’s glory, emphasizing His otherness and holiness. This is consistent with the theophanies described in Scripture, illustrating God's presence as awe-inspiring and overwhelming.

"This was the appearance of the likeness of Yahweh’s glory": The term "likeness" (דְּמוּת - demut) indicates that Ezekiel perceives a manifestation of God's glory that is beyond full comprehension. It serves to remind us of the transcendent nature of God, as seen in other verses such as Isaiah 6:1-3.

"When I saw it, I fell on my face": Ezekiel's reaction illustrates the appropriate human response to the divine—humility and reverence. This posture reflects the weight of God's holiness and majesty, mirroring Isaiah’s experience in the temple.

"and I heard a voice of one that spoke": The voice signifies communication from God, indicating His desire to reveal Himself and convey His message to humanity. This interaction reflects God’s relational nature, calling His people to listen and respond to His word.

"as the appearance of the rainbow that is in the cloud in the day of rain": The metaphor of the rainbow (קֶּשֶׁת - keshet) draws attention to God's covenant mercy, reminiscent of Genesis 9:13-15. It symbolizes hope and divine promise amid judgment, highlighting God's faithfulness. "so was the appearance of the brightness all around": The reference to brightness (נֹגַהּ - nogah) suggests a radiant manifestation of God’s glory, emphasizing His otherness and holiness. This is consistent with the theophanies described in Scripture, illustrating God's presence as awe-inspiring and overwhelming. "This was the appearance of the likeness of Yahweh’s glory": The term "likeness" (דְּמוּת - demut) indicates that Ezekiel perceives a manifestation of God's glory that is beyond full comprehension. It serves to remind us of the transcendent nature of God, as seen in other verses such as Isaiah 6:1-3. "When I saw it, I fell on my face": Ezekiel's reaction illustrates the appropriate human response to the divine—humility and reverence. This posture reflects the weight of God's holiness and majesty, mirroring Isaiah’s experience in the temple. "and I heard a voice of one that spoke": The voice signifies communication from God, indicating His desire to reveal Himself and convey His message to humanity. This interaction reflects God’s relational nature, calling His people to listen and respond to His word.

Cross references

Revelation 4:3: that looked like a jasper stone and a sardius. There was a rainbow around the throne, like an emerald to look at. Isaiah 6:1: In the year that king Uzziah died, I saw the Lord sitting on a throne, high and lifted up; and his train filled the temple. Isaiah 6:2: Above him stood the seraphim. Each one had six wings. With two he covered his face. With two he covered his feet. With two he flew. Isaiah 6:3: One called to another, and said, “Holy, holy, holy, is Yahweh of Armies! The whole earth is full of his glory!” Exodus 34:29: When Moses came down from Mount Sinai with the two tablets of the testimony in Moses’ hand, when he came down from the mountain, Moses didn’t know that the skin of his face shone by reason of his speaking with him. Exodus 34:30: When Aaron and all the children of Israel saw Moses, behold, the skin of his face shone; and they were afraid to come near him. Hebrews 12:29: for our God is a consuming fire. Revelation 1:17: When I saw him, I fell at his feet like a dead man. He laid his right hand on me, saying, “Don’t be afraid. I am the first and the last, Daniel 10:8: So I was left alone, and saw this great vision, and there remained no strength in me; for my comeliness was turned in me into corruption, and I retained no strength. Daniel 10:9: Yet heard I the voice of his words; and when I heard the voice of his words, then was I fallen into a deep sleep on my face, with my face toward the ground. Psalms 97:2: Clouds and darkness are around him. Righteousness and justice are the foundation of his throne.

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Ezekiel 1

Ezekiel's vision is a profound revelation of God's majesty and sovereignty, setting the stage for the prophetic messages that will follow. As Ezekiel finds himself among captives by the river Chebar, he witnesses the heavens opened and is granted a glimpse into the divine realm. The imagery of the stormy wind, the four living creatures, and the wheels within wheels conveys both the transcendent glory of God and the dynamism of His Spirit, which operates in complete harmony and purpose. This theophany illustrates not only God's power but also His presence with His people, even in their exile.

The complexity of the creatures and the divine throne underscores the multifaceted nature of God's kingdom and the comprehensive authority He wields over creation. Each detail beckons us to reflect on the holiness of God and the appropriate human response of awe and reverence, as shown by Ezekiel’s reaction of falling on his face. This passage invites us to recognize the reality of God's ruling presence and to respond to His revelation with humble submission, acknowledging His plans that surpass our understanding.

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